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-500 000 to 10 000
BC: Paleolithic; Lithic industry Appearance of
Homo-Sapiens;
warming of the climate.
-10 000 to 6 000
BC: Neolithic; Sedentarisation, funeral worship and
construction of
towns; (Mureybet, Ras-Shamra, Tell Halaf....); Metallurgy of copper
and commercial exchanges.
-End IVth Millenium: Installation of the Sumerian population in Syria,
first administrative
States.
-2 200 to 2 00 0
BC: Installation of the Canaanites and the Amorrites.
-Towards 3 200 BC: Birth of cuneiform writing, then creation of trading
colonies on the length of the Euphrates by the cult administrative
organizers.
-Towards 2 900 BC: The Sumerians founded Mari, a City-State.
-2 500 to 1 750 BC: Creation of Ebla, another City-State.The Amorrites,
Nomadic Semites from the west preponderants of the Near East, found
with the Hourrites, installed in the north of Syria, the Canaanian
civilization. The Amorrites re-build the destroyed city-states (Ebla
by Naram-Sin and Mari by Hammurabi) and build the kingdom of Yamkhad
of which Aleppo was the Capital. Hammurabi of Babylon re-unites the
whole country into one kingdom and spreads his influence over Syria
-1 600 to 1 180
BC: Domination of Syria by Egypt. The Hittites under
King Suppilulluma, and the Mitannians push their conquests to the
inside of Syria but come up against the power of the Egyptians
Archives of Ugarit. Abecedarian in cuneiform writing, As Syria (North
Mesopotamia) establishes its authority over the Djezireh (territories
to the west of the Euphrates) Battle of Kadesh opposes Hittites and
Egyptians in 1 280. Syria is invaded by the Philistines or "the
people of the sea", who were settled in the south of the Syrian
coast.
-XIth - IXth Century
BC: Other Semites, the Aramaeans, penetrate
Mesopotamia and Syria.Constitution of independent Aramaic Kingdoms,
and of Phoenician City-States.
-743 BC: Syria falls under Assyrian domination.
-650 BC: The Scythes invade
Syria.
-612 BC:
The Assyrian empire breaks down under the coalition formed by the
Babylonians: the Medes (nomades) and the Scythes.
-612 to 539
BC: The Babylonians become the masters of the Near East
until the fall of Ninive. The Aramaic language imposes itself as the
regional idiom.
-539 to 332
BC: The Persians, led by Cyrus the Great, dominate the
Near East as far as Egypt.
-333 BC: Alexander the Great conquers
Syria. When he dies in 323, his
generals split up his empire between them.
-IVth century BC: The Seleucids (the kingdom formed by Seleucos, son
of Antiochos, general of Alexander) govern Syria and create towns.
-II & I century
BC: Criminal struggles rip apart the Seleucid
dynasty, throwing the kingdom into anarchy and forcing the middle-classes of Damascus to call for outside help.
Rome intervenes and Pompei installs itself in Damascus and Augustus
turns Syria into a Roman Province in the year
27.
-106 AD: Trajan annexes the kingdom of Nabatean, therefore Bosra, to
the Roman Empire.
-272 AD: Roman military intervention against the ambitious Queen of
Palmyra, Zenobia. The following year sees the destruction of Palmyra.
-313 AD: Edit of Milan accords the freedom of worship to the
Christians.
-325 AD: Council of Nicee and conversion of the emperor Constantine to
Christianity.
-Vth & VIth century: Monophysism is condemned during the council
of Chalcedoine. Christianity develops in the Arab world. The prophet
Mohammed is born around 570.
-614 AD: Syria is invaded by Sassanides Persians
-633 to 743
AD: Islam, coming from the Arabic peninsula develops.
Syria is one of the first lands conquered.
-661 to 743
AD: Moawiya founders the Omayyad dynasty and becomes the
Caliph of Damascus.
-750 AD: The Abbassids overthrow the Omayyads and settle in Baghdad.
-868 to
905 AD: The Touloumid dynasty, founded in Egypt, stretches its
influence to Syria.
-960 to 1070
AD: The Fatimid dynasty, from Tunisia, occupies Egypt and
Syria, from 1070:they are progressively replaced by the Turkish
emirs, the Seljuqs.
-1098 AD: The Crusaders seize Antioch.
-1146 to 1171
AD: The Atabeg Turks, Zenghi and his son Nur-ed-Din,
reconquer part of Syria and develop the idea of a holy war against the
Crusaders, the Jihad.
-1171 to 1260
AD: The Ayyubid dynasty is founded by Saladin,
ex-general of Nur-ed-Din. In 1183 he reigns from Damascus to Cairo.
-1260 to 1515
AD: The Mamelukes replace the Ayyubids. In
1271, Crac
des Chevaliers is captured by Baybars.
-1401 AD: Damascus and Aleppo are plundered by the Mongols of Tamerlan.
-1516 AD: Selim I, Ottoman sultan, invades
Syria, chases out the
Mamelukes then becomes the religious chief of Islam. Mohammed Ali,
governor of Egypt, succeeds him in 1832.
-End of XIXth Century: Reorganization of the administration and the
creation of a railway line Damascus - Medina.
-1916 AD: The English attack
Syria - Palestine.The campaigns of
Lawrence of Arabia.
-1920 AD: The Emir Faysal who tried to constitute an independent
kingdom in Damascus, is crushed by the French at Maisaloun; Syria and
Lebanon become under French mandate.
-1941 AD: End of French mandate
-1946 AD: Syria assents to independence and becomes the S. A. R:
Syrian Arab Republic
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